Kant Moral Law Theory Essay Example for Free

Kant Moral Law Theory Essay â€Å"Two things fill the mind with ever new and increasing admiration and awe the oftener and more steadily we reflect on them: the starry heavens above me and the moral law within me.† – Kant (1788), pp, 193, 259 Immanuel Kant introduced and initiated his ‘moral law theory’ in the late 18th century. The doctrine in question sought to establish and constitute a supreme or absolute principle of morality. Kant disputes the existence of an ‘ethical system’, whereby moral obligations are obligations of ‘purpose’ or ‘reason’. The accuracy of actions [i.e. the rightness or wrongness of an individual deed] is determined by its configuration and conformity with regard to ‘moral law’. Evidently, according to Kant, an immoral transaction is invariably contemplated as an illogical or unreasonable occurrence or action. The supreme moral principle is a consistent working criterion that proves to be practically helpful and theoretically enlightening when used by rational agents as a guide for making personal choices (Kant VI). A supreme guiding moral principle must carry with it an absolute necessity and be done out of duty to the moral law in order to be free from corruption. Kant believed in a fair and impartial law. He accredited and affirmed the presence of an objective moral law that we, as humans, were/are able to identify with through the process of reasoning. Kant argued that we are able to recognise and distinguish moral law, without making reference to the possible consequence or outcome. Immanuel Kant declared a differentiation between statements [i.e. posteriori and priori] that he believed to coincide with moral law. A posteriori statement is one that is based on experience of the material world. In opposition, a priori statement requires no such knowledge; it is known independent of the phenomenal world. Furthermore, Kant continued to make additional distinctions with regard to analytic and synthetic statements. An analytic statement, he claims, is one that by its very nature is necessarily true, as the predicate is included within the definition of the subject. Example: – [â€Å"all squares have four sides†]. The previous statement is of an analytic nature, as the predicate, i.e. the square having four sides, is implicit and is part of the definition of the subject – [â€Å"square†]. An analytic statement is necessarily true – true by its own authority, and is purely explicative, as it tells us nothing new about the subject. In contrast, a synthetic statement is one in which the predicate is not included in the definition of the subject, and thus is not necessarily true. A synthetic statement also tells us something new about the subject. Prior to Kant, it was widely accepted that there were only two types of statement: a priori analytic and a posteriori synthetic. Kant accepted these two statements although believed there to be a third: a priori synthetic statement. These are statements that are known independent of experience that may or may not be true. Kant claimed that these priori synthetic principles are inherent within us and therefore subsequently form the basis of all moral decision making. Kant’s theory is based on and is primarily concerned with the aspect of ‘duty’. Kant believed and promoted the notion that to act morally is one’s ‘duty’, and one’s ‘duty’ is to act and proceed in accordance to the principles of moral law. Due to this, Kant’s theory is categorised and distinguished as a ‘deontological argument’. A deontological theory is one that maintains the moral rightness or wrongness of an action and depends on its fundamental qualities, and is independent of the nature of its consequence – â€Å"Duty for duty’s sake†. This perspective can be viewed in contrast to the beliefs and ‘rules’ associated and belonging to teleological arguments, i.e. utilitarianism. Immanuel Kant argued that moral requirements are based on a standard of rationality he dubbed the â€Å"Categorical Imperative. The categorical imperative has derived from the initial belief and notion that humans base their moral judgment on pure reason alone. This view can be viewed in contrast to a ‘morality theory’, which assumed/s that human’s actions are guided by emotions or desires. Example: When deciding what I ought to say to a friend who is distraught. Rationale would dictate that I give sensible advice, whereas my emotions may impulsively tell me to give comfort and sympathy. The categorical imperative declares and differentiates between obligatory and forbidden actions, and places further emphasis on the notion of ‘duty’. This statement can be strengthened through the following quotation – [â€Å"All in imperatives command either hypothetically or categorically†¦ If the action would be good simply as a means to something else, then the imperative is hypothetical; but if the action is represented as a good in itself†¦ then the imperative is categorical.†]. Example: If someone tells me that they will buy me dinner if I give them a lift into town, then this is a conditional action and would fall into the hypothetical imperative category. Conversely, if I think that I should give my friend a lift into town with no other agenda (i.e. she will not buy me dinner because of it), then this is a categorical imperative because it is independent of my interest and could apply to other people as well as myself. There are three principles of the categorical imperative: * Universal law; * Treat humans as ends in themselves; * Act as if you live in a kingdom of ends. 1. The categorical imperative is [â€Å"Do not act on any principle that cannot be universalised†]. In other words, moral laws must be applied in all situations and all rational beings universally, without exception. 2. [â€Å"Act that you treat humanity, both in your own person and in the person of every other human being, never merely as a means, but always at the time as an end.†] – The previous statement declares that we must never treat people as means to an end. You can never use human beings for another purpose, to exploit or enslave them. Humans are rational and the highest point of creation, and so demand unique treatment. 3. The quotation [â€Å"So act as if you were through your maxim a law-making member of a Kingdom of ends†] states Kant’s belief in the fact that humans should behave as though every other individual was an ‘end’. In conclusion, it is arguable that the categorical imperative possesses a sense of authority with regard to what actions are permitted and forbidden under Kant’s moral law theory.

Women in Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing and Taming of the Shrew E

During the early modern period, despite Queen Elizabeth’s powerful rule in the mid-sixteenth century, women in England had very few social, economic, and legal rights. According to the British system of coverture, a married man and wife became one person under the law, thus, â€Å"all the legal rights and responsibilities a woman had when she was single transferred to her husband upon marriage† (McBride-Stetson 189). Additionally, once married, the entirety of a woman’s property and wages came under the husband’s control; thus, in essence, women became the responsibility and property of their husbands (McBride-Stetson 189). Shakespeare, through his writings, illustrates the early modern period’s obsession with maintaining the legal subordination of women through marriage. Shakespeare’s leading lady in The Taming of the Shrew severely contrasts her obedient and demure sister and, in doing so, transcends the gender roles appropriated to her and , thus, must be tamed. In contrast, Much Ado About Nothing’s Hero plays the role of the ideal early modern woman until the nature of her chastity comes into question. Despite the fundamental differences between the characters of these two women, the financial and object-based language used to describe women as well as the institution of marriage in The Taming of the Shrew and Much Ado About Nothing demonstrate the early modern period’s view of women as pieces of property. The play introduces Petruccio as Katherine’s potential suitor before Petruccio, in fact, meets Katherine; however, Petruccio asserts, â€Å"I have thrust myself into this maze/ Happily to wive and thrive as I may† (1.2.52-53). Interestingly, Petruccio lists â€Å"wiving† as his first goal, followed by â€Å"thriving.† In a sense, the ... ...r to that of property and subject to male control. Clearly, the study of these plays serve as prime examples in demonstrating the effect of British common law during the early modern period as well as depicting the society’s anxieties in regards to maintaining the ultimate upper-hand in regards to women’s rights, or, lack thereof. Although Hero is, for the most part, painted as a virtuous character throughout Much Ado About Nothing, the question of her virtue is not only known to be a false-accusation to the audience, but her chastity is quickly restored at the end of the play. Likewise, Petruccio is able to remedy Katherine’s shrewish behavior into that of a young lady. Clearly, the plots of these plays as well as the repeated associations between women and one’s property overtly demonstrate a societal desire to maintain a sense of power and domination over women.

British IRA Interrogation

The increase of success of the west cork Brigade, part of the Irish republican Army was the leading factor to a spate of arresting and interrogating the suspects if the IRA volunteers in an effort to identify and ascertain the headquarters of those who were engaging in the guerilla war against the forces of the British. Through interrogation the British managed to break the IRA volunteers through torturing and this lead to discovering that the forces headquarters was in Ballymurphy.After discovering this, British army planned for an operation aimed at capturing the IRA column. This lead to mobilizing of more than 1200 British troops to attack the area from different directions. The operation was done early in the morning to attack the IRA unaware; this was thought to lead British to victory for there were about ten British commanders for one IRA member. As the British tried to encircle the IRA, they were caught by surprise as the IRA was aware of the British plans and they attacked a t the crossbarry roads which lead to having many British casualties.The IRA took British arms and set their vehicles on fire before they were attacked by other British troops but did not succeed even after stiff fire fight and they all retired. Impact of British actions to IRA in bringing peace to Northern Ireland The IRA had structural plans that were governing them through their endeavors. It was evident that the republican were to remain anonymous to every one except the members. No one could talk about the army and this made it hard to uncover the whole truth about the army’s missions and their plans.As their rules had restricted them not to talk about the army in public, not discuss anything concerning the army with anyone, not to go in a company of a known member and not to frequent to the houses of a known member, and the top most issue was not to drink alcohol excessively as this would lead to loose mouth and would reveal the republicans secrets. The army volunteers w ere made to believe that the army was legal and justified. They were taught that that was the only way to proclaim democracy in the whole Ireland.Commitment to the movement was legal and was the only way out to struggle for political justification and is a direct representative of the Dail Eirean parliament and by that was a legal and lawful government of the Irish republic and has right to pass law and to claim jurisdiction over the land, airspace, means of production all its people regardless of creed or loyalty. (Coogan, 1997) This impacted a negative attitude to the IRA members and the people of Ireland in an effort to bring peace.These beliefs made the British have difficulties in trying to restore peace in the country as they were regarded as intruders and were there for their own benefit. This is because the army had claimed to the sovereign government of Ireland and had all the rights to act in any capacity as a government. As the recruits were taught that British army, RUC, UDR and Gardai are occupying forces, were illegal and were completely unacceptable for that was morally wrong, ethnically inexcusable and politically unacceptable.Through the strengthening of these believes, the IRA members were completely resistance to the British armies in their efforts of any form in Ireland. (Hopkinson, 2003) IRA PREPARATION OF RECRUITS The IRA prepares their recruits in a distinctive manner. The recruits are taught on their importance to one another. This helps bonding together the recruits from different back grounds to strengthen the movement bond. As they are recruited they are motivated even they face harsh conditions should persevere for the sake of their nation.The IRA is form of ethnic terrorist seeking to influence the Irish people to reject the British governance. As usual to the ethnic terrorist, according to Byman (1997) they seek to create fear among the rival groups or armies by performing terrorist attacks and moderate movements. The recruitment of the army means entering in your total allegiance in life. This helps the movement to retain the recruited volunteers for they have to obey the commands and the rules set forth for the organization.The IRA recruits are forced to believe whatever allegation is put forward for them and strictly follow the rules. The recruits are trained to persevere any form of hardship they face during their work as armies until they combat the target group. Nationalism is another force that was driving the recruits. They were from all corners of the country and were much concerned over fighting for their nation. This aspect had more power as far as recruits were concerned over the belief system.On the other hand, nationalism can also display the general characteristic of a belief system by providing the recruits with adequate information and equipping their mind with an issue that they are to fight for their nation. (Hopkinson, 2003) Conclusion IRA movement was determined in salvaging the Ireland from the hands of British rule. The British solders effort to combat the IRA guerilla were rendered fruitless for the IRA was always ready for the attack even though they were less in number compared to British solders.The IRA recruits were equipped in their minds that the movement was legal and morally right to fight the intruders whore were settled in the country for their own good. The IRA movement sought to influence to moderators and other ethnic groups to reject the British governance. They were to follow strict rules to ensure the safety and welfare of the movements. Reference: Byman, D. (1997) The logic of Ethnic Terrorism, Washington DC, Rand Coogan, T. (1997) The IRA, New York, Palgrave Macmillan Hopkinson, M. (2003) Irish War of Independence, Journal, Vol

The History of the Zipper and How It Became Mainstream

It was a long way up for the humble zipper, the mechanical wonder that has kept our lives together in many ways. The zipper was invented with the work of several dedicated inventors, though none convinced the general public to accept the zipper as part of everyday life. It was the magazine and fashion industry that made the novel zipper the popular item it is today. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images The story begins when Elias Howe, Jr.  (1819–1867), inventor of the sewing machine, who received a patent in 1851 for an Automatic, Continuous Clothing Closure. It didnt go much further beyond that, though. Perhaps it was the success of the sewing machine, that caused Elias not to pursue marketing his clothing closure system. As a result, Howe missed his chance to become the recognized Father of the Zip. Forty-four years later, inventor Whitcomb Judson (1846–1909) marketed a Clasp Locker device similar to system described in the 1851 Howe patent. Being first to market, Whitcomb got credit for being the inventor of the zipper. However, his 1893 patent did not use the word zipper.   The Chicago inventors Clasp Locker was a complicated hook-and-eye shoe fastener. Together with businessman Colonel Lewis Walker, Whitcomb launched the Universal Fastener Company to manufacture the new device. The clasp locker debuted at the 1893 Chicago Worlds Fair and was met with little commercial success. Gideon Sundbà ¤ck / Public domain / via Wikimedia Commons It was a Swedish-born electrical engineer named Gideon Sundback (1880–1954) whose work helped make the zipper the hit it is today. Originally hired to work for the Universal Fastener Company, his design skills and a marriage to the plant-managers daughter Elvira Aronson led to a position as head designer at Universal. In his position, he improved the far from perfect Judson C-curity Fastener. When Sundbacks wife died in 1911, the grieving husband busied himself at the design table.  By December of 1913, he came up with what would become the modern zipper. Gideon Sundbacks new-and-improved system increased the number of fastening elements from four per inch to 10  or 11, had two facing-rows of teeth that pulled into a single piece by the slider and increased the opening for the teeth guided by the slider. His patent for the Separable Fastener was issued in 1917.   Sundback also created the manufacturing machine for the new zipper. The S-L or scrapless machine took a special Y-shaped wire and cut scoops from it, then punched the scoop dimple and nib and clamped each scoop on a cloth tape to produce a continuous zipper chain. Within the first year of operation, Sundbacks zipper-making machine was producing a few hundred feet of fastener per day. Naming the Zipper The popular zipper name came from the B. F. Goodrich Company, which decided to use Sundbacks fastener on a new type of rubber boots or galoshes. Boots and tobacco pouches with a zippered closure were the two chief uses of the zipper during its early years. It took 20 more years to convince the fashion industry to seriously promote the novel closure on garments. In the 1930s, a sales campaign began for childrens clothing featuring zippers. The campaign advocated zippers as a way to promote self-reliance in young children as the devices made it possible for them to dress in self-help clothing.   The Battle of the Fly A landmark moment happened in 1937 when the zipper beat the button in the Battle of the Fly. French fashion designers raved over the use of zippers in mens trousers and Esquire magazine declared the zipper the Newest Tailoring Idea for Men. Among the zippered flys many virtues was that it would exclude The possibility of unintentional and embarrassing disarray.   The next big boost for the zipper came when devices that open on both ends arrived, such as on jackets. Today the zipper is everywhere and is used  in clothing, luggage, leather goods and countless other objects. Thousands of zipper miles are produced daily to meet the needs of consumers, thanks to the early efforts of the many famous zipper inventors. Sources and Further Information Federico, P.J. The Invention and Introduction of the Zipper. Journal of the Patent Office Society 855.12 (1946).  Friedel, Robert. Zipper: An Exploration in Novelty. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1996.  Judson, Whitcomb L. Clasp locker or unlocker for shoes. Patent 504,038. U.S. Patent Office, August 29, 1893.

Was Piprahwa Stupa the Burial Place of the Buddha

The Buddha (also called Siddhartha Gautama or Shakyamuni), was an Axial age philosopher who lived and gathered disciples in India between about 500-410 BCE. His life renouncing his wealthy past and preaching a new gospel led to the spread of Buddhism throughout Asia and the rest of the world—but where was he buried? Key Takeaways: Where is the Buddha Buried? When the Axial age Indian philosopher Buddha (400–410 BCE) died, his body was cremated.  The ashes were divided into eight parts and distributed to his followers.  One part ended up in his familys capital city Kapilavastu.  The Mauryan king Asoka converted to Buddhism in 265 BCE and further distributed the Buddhas relics throughout his realm (essentially the Indian subcontinent).Two candidates for Kapilavastu have been identified—Piprahwa, India and Tilaurakot-Kapilavastu in Nepal, but the evidence is not unequivocal.In one sense, the Buddha is buried at thousands of monasteries. Death of the Buddha When the Buddha died at Kushinagar in the Deoria district of Uttar Pradesh, the legends report that his body was cremated and his ashes were divided into eight parts. The parts were distributed to eight communities of his followers. One of those parts was said to have been buried in his familys burial plot, in the Sakyan state capital city of Kapilavastu.   About 250 years after the Buddhas death, the Mauryan king Asoka the Great (304–232 BCE) converted to Buddhism and built many monuments called stupas or topes all over his realm—reportedly there were 84,000 of them. At the base of each, he enshrined splinters of relics taken from the original eight parts. When those relics became unavailable, Asoka buried manuscripts of sutras instead. Almost every Buddhist monastery has a stupa in its precinct.   At Kapilavastu, Asoka went to the familys burial place, excavated the casket of ashes and buried them again beneath a large monument in his honor. Whats a Stupa?   Ananda Stupa and Asokan pillar at Kutagarasala Vihara, Vaishali, Bihar, India. Casper1774Studio / iStock / Getty Images Plus A stupa is a domed religious structure, an enormous solid monument of fired brick built to enshrine relics of the Buddha or commemorate important events or places in his life. The earliest stupas (the word means hair knot in Sanscrit) were built during the spread of the Buddhist religion in the 3rd century BC. Stupas are not the only type of religious monument constructed by early Buddhists: sanctuaries (griha) and monasteries (vihara) were also prominent. But stupas are the most distinctive of these.   Where is Kapilavastu? The Buddha was born at the town of Lumbini, but he spent the first 29 years of his life at Kapilavastu before he renounced his familys wealth and went off to explore philosophy. Today there are two main contenders (in the mid-19th century there were many more) for the now-lost city. One is the town of Piprahwa in the Uttar Pradesh state of India, the other is Tilaurakot-Kapilavastu, in Nepal; they are about 16 miles apart.   To figure out which set of ruins was the ancient capital, scholars rely on the travel documents of two Chinese pilgrims who visited Kapilavastu, Fa-Hsien (who arrived in 399 CE) and Hsuan-tasang (arrived 629 CE). Both said the city was near the slopes of the Himalyas, between the Nepalese lower ranges near the western bank of the Rohini river: but Fa-Hsien said it was 9 miles west from Lumbini, while Hsuan Tsang said it was 16 miles from Lumbini. Both candidate sites have monasteries with adjacent stupas, and both sites have been excavated.   Piprahwa   Piprahwa was opened in the mid-19th century by William Peppà ©, a British landowner who bored a shaft into the main stupa. Some 18 feet below the top of the stupa, he found a massive sandstone coffer, and inside it were three soapstone caskets and a crystal casket in the shape of a hollow fish. Inside the crystal casket were seven granulated stars in gold leaf and several tiny paste beads. The coffer contained many broken wooden and silver vessels, figurines of elephants and lions, gold and silver flowers and stars, and lots more beads in a variety of semi-precious minerals: coral, carnelian, gold, amethyst, topaz, garnet.   Author Charles Allen examines original jewels from Piprahwa Stupa. Courtesy of  © Icon Films / Lorne Kramer One of the soapstone caskets was inscribed in Sanskrit, which has been translated as this shrine for the relics of the Buddha... is that of the Sakyas, the brethren of the Distinguished One, and also as: of the brethren of the Well-famed One, together with (their) little sisters (and) together with (their) children and wives, this (is) a deposit of relics; (namely) of the kinsmen of Buddha, the Blessed One. The inscription either suggests it contained relics of the Buddha himself, or those of his kinsmen.   In the 1970s, archaeologist K. M. Srivastava of the Archaeological Survey of India followed up on earlier studies, after coming to the conclusion that inscription was too recent to be that of the Buddha, made no earlier than the 3rd century BCE. In the stupa below the earlier levels, Srivastava found an earlier soapstone casket filled with charred bones and dated to the 5th-4th centuries BCE. Excavations of the area found more than 40 terracotta sealings marked with the name Kapilavastu in deposits near the monastery ruins. Tilaurakot-Kapilavastu Archaeological investigations in Tilaurakot-Kapilavastu were first undertaken by P. C. Mukhurji of the ASI in 1901. There were others, but the most recent was in 2014–2016, by a joint international excavation led by British archaeologist Robin Coningham; it included an extensive geophysical survey of the region. Modern archaeological methods require minimal disturbance of such sites, and so the stupa was not excavated. According to new dates and investigations, the city was established in the 8th century BCE and abandoned in the 5th–10th centuries CE. There is a large monastery complex built after 350 BCE near the Eastern Stupa, one of the main stupas still standing, and there are indications that the stupa might have been enclosed by a wall or circulatory path.   So Where is Buddha Buried?   The investigations are not conclusive. Both sites have strong supporters, and both clearly were sites visited by Asoka. One of the two may very well have been the site where the Buddha grew up—it is possible that the bone fragments found by K. M. Srivastava in the 1970s did belong to the Buddha, but maybe not.   Asoka bragged that he built 84,000 stupas, and based on that, one could argue that therefore the Buddha is buried in every Buddhist monastery. Sources and Further Reading Allen, Charles. The Buddha and Dr. Fà ¼hrer: An Archaeological Scandal. London: Haus Publishing, 2008.  Coningham, R.A.E., et al. Archaeological Investigations at Tilaurakot-Kapilavastu, 2014-2016. Ancient Nepal 197-198 (2018): 5–59.  Peppà ©, William Claxton, and Vincent A. Smith. The Piprahwa Stupa, Containing Relies of Buddha. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (July 1898) (1898): 573–88.  Ray, Himanshu Prabha. Archaeology and Empire: Buddhist Monuments in Monsoon Asia. Indian Economic Social History Review 45.3 (2008): 417–49.  Smith, V.A. The Piprahwa Stupa. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland October 1898 (1898): 868–70.  Srivastava, K. M. Archaeological Excavations at Piprahwa and Ganwaria. Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 3.1 (1980): 103–10.  ---. Kapilavastu and Its Precise Location. East and West 29.1/4 (1979): 61–74.

The Appeal Of Indulgences By Johann Tetzel - 1407 Words

Question 1: Indulgences: The offer of indulgences was a practice where the congregation recognised a gift or other beneficent work with a bit of paper, a liberality, that ensured that the supplier s spirit would enter paradise all the more rapidly by lessening their time in limbo. The Church taught that if a man had submitted no genuine sins that ensured a spot in damnation and they kicked the bucket before apologising and making up for the greater part of their wrongdoings, then their spirit went to limbo—a sort of waystation where a man completed the process of making amends for their transgressions before being permitted to enter paradise. Pope Leo X had allowed indulgences to raise cash for the remaking of St. Diminish s Basilica in Rome. These indulgences sold by Johann Tetzel not a long way from Wittenberg, where Luther was an educator of religious philosophy. Luther was gravely worried about the way the Church was interfacing access to paradise with a monetary exchange, however the offer of indulgences was not Luther s lone conflict with the Church. Question 2: Martin Luther Martin Luther was eager to change the Roman Catholic Church since his beliefs clashed with the church’s practices. He proclaimed that salvation of the soul will come about because of the genuine confidence in God, not simply great deeds. Martin Luther also firmly hated the demonstration of conceding and offering indulgences since he felt that forgiveness came from that person and God.Show MoreRelatedThe Reformation in Germany1299 Words   |  6 Pagesthe selling of indulgences. Everything that Luther had come to believe was leading up to something that would shake Germany, Europe, and even the entire world: The Ninety-Five Theses. The year of 1517 was the start of great religious change. Beginning with the rise in popularity and dependence upon indulgences, which were remissions of sin earned by a donation of money, either for someone still living or for someone who had died and was believed to be in purgatory. Johann Tetzel, a Dominican friarRead MoreMartin Luthers Life and Teachings Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagesthrough prayer for their souls. He dedicated himself to flagellations, fasts, constant confessions, and long hours of prayers and pilgrimages although his peace with god has escaped him. Luther pondered himself a lot in the monastery so his superior, Johann von Staupitz, believed that Luther needed more work to keep himself busy and keep his mind off of the many things that he was pondering, so he ordered Luther to purse an academic career. In 1507, he was ordained to the priesthood and in 1508 he becameRead MoreThe Legacy Of Martin Luther1719 Words   |  7 Pagessense of grief. Because of his struggle to find peace with God, Luther was ordered to teach Scripture at the University of Wittenberg. While teaching at Wittenberg Luther earned a doctoral degree in theology. Subsequently, Luther was selected by Johann Staupitz to be his replacement as chair of Bible at Wittenberg. Satupitz had been Luther’s superior at the monastery. As he studied the bible in preparation for lectures and preaching, Luther gained a new understanding of the Scriptures namelyRead MoreThe Importance of the Renaissance to the Reformation in Germany1263 Words   |  6 Pagessociety, and Rome achieved cultural prominence. It later spread throughout Europe and began a rediscovery of classical thoughts and influenced painters, such as Raphael and Michelangelo, sculptors such as Donatello and writers, such as Johann Reuchlin, Ulrich Von Hutten and Desiderius Erasmus. The renaissance influenced the re-examination of ideas and beliefs and created men who were willing to challenge basic beliefs of the church. Humanism, the study of humanities, placedRead MoreLutheranism and Its Impact on Germanic Peasants1396 Words   |  6 Pagesrampant corruption. A devout Catholic himself, Luther was concerned for his own salvation, and through rigorous study of the Bible, soon became aware that many of the teachings of the Catholic Church directly contradicted the Gospel. When Luther’s appeals were met with scrutiny, he began to spread his ideas under the title of Lutheranism. Though modeled directly after conventional Catholicism, Luther and his followers believed that through Grace, Faith, and Scripture alone, one would be granted salvationRead MoreEssay on Book Report, Here I Stand: a Life of Martin Luther3404 Words   |  14 Pagesthree professors who were sent to Wittenberg when the elector there asked the Augustinian and Franciscan orders to send them. Luckily for Luther for at this time his inner conflict was so great he, ‘would have sunk into hell,’ had it not been for Dr. Johann von Staupitz Vicar of the Augustinian Order. (pg 34) It was to Dr. Staupitz Luther continually went to in order to find guidance and solace. Dr. Staupitz tried all manners of reasoning and consolation in order to help Luther. Until finally he seemed

Strategic Management Plan and Hospitality Establishment †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management Plan and Hospitality Establishment . Answer: Introduction This report will try to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategic management activities which take place in two different hospitality organisations one of which is successful and the other is not able to attain the same level of success in their business. There business activities and processes carried out by a hospitality establishment are largely responsible for determining their performance in the market and how effectively they have been able to realise their business goals and objectives. There is bound to be significant differences between a successful hospitality establishment and an unsuccessful one in regard to the manner in which their strategic decision making takes place (Noe et al., 2006). In this report, the organisations selected for the comparative analysis are Part Hyatt Sydney (5 Star hotel) Mercantile Hotel (2 Star hotel). Background of the two hospitality organisations Park Hyatt Sydney is a premium hospitality organisation which provides 5 Star accommodation facilities to their customers in the market. The hotel is located at a strategic location overlooking the Sydney Harbour and this provides a wonderful and majestic view of the Sydney Harbour and Opera House to their guests. In Sydney among all the hotels Park Hyatt is the successful hotel where excellent quality services of the products are available for the customers in the market. This hotel mainly caters their products and services to the niche (premium) segment of the market. The customers of Park Hyatt Sydney have refined tastes and preferences as they belong to rich and affluent background. The organisation has been effectively catering to the needs of the premium customers and played a very important part in helping for promoting satisfaction of customer in the market (Sydney.park.hyatt.com, 2017). Mercantile Hotel is a two star accommodation facility in Sydney which mainly caters to the budget segment in the market. The organisation provides products with better quality for the satisfaction and preferences the regular budget segment of the market. The organisation has received a good rating of 4.1 out of 5 on travel website Expedia. Difficulties and Problems faced by Mercantile Hotel Mercantile Hotel is presently facing a lot of problems in their business and always has negative impact on the productivity on market. Market competition is unable to tackle with the rivals in a proper way with their revenues and profits from their business have significantly decreased over the years. The rising cost of business expenses is another factor which has eaten up their profit margins. The management at Mercantile hotel is inefficient and they have been unable to take effective decisions for ensuring the growth and success of the organisation. The management at Mercantile Hotel is insensitive towards the needs and expectations of their employees (Shuck Wollard, 2008). This had played a vital role in contributing towards greater employee dissatisfaction at the workplace. The clear lack of communication and coordination among the management and vital role has been played by the employees in bringing down productivity and performance of the employees in work place and this is the main reason why tackling the organization is unable for the business rivals in effective manner (Colquitt et al., 2011). Organisation follows an autocratic style in leadership where involvement of the employees is not in decision making process. This organization never pays heed on the interest of the decision making of the employees who invariably brought down the motivation and enthusiasm among their employees. All the decisions undertaken by the management are forcefully trusted over the employees and this is the major reason why there is lack of commitment and dedication among the employees which is more so evident in the form of high rates of absenteeism and the high employment turnover levels within the organisation (Leblebici, 2012). The lack of long term clear business vision has played a major role in preventing the organisation from expanding their business operations in an effective manner. The management only tries to satisfy their short term goals of maximising their profits and revenues without understanding the need for providing the necessary motivation and inspiration among their employees. The employees are not appreciated for their performance at the workplace and there is no performance based incentives for the employees. This has also played a very important role in contributing towards employee resentment against their management (Gbel Zwick, 2013). A degree of flexibility is needed by the worker of the organisation. If it is the not provided by the organisation they are contributing for the balance between the work condition and the life they are living as an individual can get effected. If the balance gets hampered the inconsistency may get reflected in the performance of the worker and that will work in a negative way to the organisation. Along with professional life the each employee has their personal life too. It is important for them to spend time with their immediate family member to rejuvenate their energy level. That is reason process of job rotation can make some meaningful contribution in this regard. Solutions to the problems faced by Mercantile Hotel The problems faced by Mercantile Hotel can be solved only by overhauling their organisational management. The organisation needs to incorporate a participative leadership style within their organisation. The significance of this leadership style is it does offer the opportunity to all the member of the organisation in the decision making process ( Lam, et al., 2015). In this style of leadership the responsibility and the authority used to get dispersed among the contributor of the organisation. (Stevens, 2010). This is the opportunity for the employee of the organisation to show their skill of decision making. One can perceive the flavour of authority out of this practice that can help them to gain sufficient enthusiasm to make better contribution to the job responsibility. The process of participation is the process to judge ones capability of effective participation. This practice can help the employee to gain high level of confidence and at the same time it can offer a lasting sen se of job satisfaction in the mind. This style of leadership can help the organisation to improve the process employee retention (Bortoluzzi et al., 2014). In order to develop an effective work environment Mercantile Hotel need to configure a result oriented atmosphere within its area of operation. The employee of the organisation needs to understand the advantage of the Mutual Corporation and facilitation (Nahavandi, 2016). Organisational and interpersonal communication skill is very important to serve the purpose in this regard. The organisation can make an effective connection with its people through the process of communication in this case the organisation such as Mercantile Hotel need to develop an effective communication system to get the best result from the personnel of various functional departments. An effective communication process can ensure the strategic implementation. In case of Mercantile Hotel all the decision can get implemented properly through the communication process of organisational as well as interpersonal level. The organisation needs to appreciate the performance and contribution of their employees towards organisational growth and success and they need to provide their employees with performance based incentives. They need to provide the employees proper opportunities for their growth and development of the career within organisation. Dedication and commitment towards the employees are needed to be inferred with the job roles which are significantly enhanced. This will promote healthy competition among the employees at the workplace and all the employees will try to get appreciation and recognition for their performance at the workplace (Miner, 2015). The performance of the employees needs to be monitored and evaluated from time to time with the help of performance appraisal tools and this will enable the organisation to identify their most component and dedicated employees who are playing an instrumental role behind the success of Mercantile Hotel. The organisation will be able to promote with the higher rank of the employees with the higher ranks with added responsibilities (Noe et al., 2006). Work flexibility is another aspect which Mercantile Hotel needs to seriously think about implementing within their business. This is another factor which can contribute towards enhancing the employee performance. It is necessary that quality time is needed to be sent with proper convenience of the work (Gbel Zwick, 2013). Understanding how Park Hyatt Sydney has been able to tackle these problems and ensurance of the growth of market Strong leadership with corporate governance structure is made on Park Hyatt Sydney. The employees are the biggest asset of the organization. And they work with striving goals for the fostering subject of the work. Attractive packages for remuneration with festering jobs are done by the employees of the hotel (Marston, 2010). They work with the structure of the organization which has basic outlook for the organization. A participative leadership with the work of the organization is played by Park Hyatt Sydney. The opinion and views are taken by the management for the consideration of the employees for the decision making process which are based on the target (Miner, 2015). Effective and accurate decisions are ensured with the success and growth of the organization. For the employees contribution in needed to be done towards the bonus and incentives depending on the performance. The factors work with promotion of the job for employment. For fostering the commitment dedication with the detainment of long haul. Consideration is done on the employment with the objective to fulfil the quality of the service of the organization. The organization with the priority of the hotel with observational quality services with the market approval works with the target. By the product of the market Park Hyatt Sydney is capable to attract the customers for the satisfaction of the customers. Market competition works with the development of business rivals in appropriate manner with market advantage. References Noe, R. A., Hollenbeck, J. R., Gerhart, B., Wright, P. M. (2006). Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. Krishnan, K., Nandy, D., Puri, M. (2014). Does financing spur small business productivity? Evidence from a natural experiment.Review of Financial Studies, hhu087. Schmidt, S. S. (2008).The measurement of productive efficiency and productivity growth. Oxford University Press. Loeppke, R., Taitel, M., Haufle, V., Parry, T., Kessler, R. C., Jinnett, K. (2009). Health and productivity as a business strategy: a multiemployer study.Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,51(4), 411-428. Gbel, C., Zwick, T. (2013). Are personnel measures effective in increasing productivity of old workers?.Labour Economics,22, 80-93. 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